Ribosome and Plastids

What are Ribosomes?

They are granular, rich in (RNA) ribonucleic acid, they serve as slits where proteins are synthesized, therefore it is called proteins factories of the cell. They found free in cytoplasm as well as attached on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What are plastids?

Plastids are found in the cells of all higher plants. These are organelles which are contains different kinds of pigments. Plastids have 3 kinds of colours on the basis of pigments:

Chloroplast: have green pigments i.e. chlorophyll found under the leaves and other green parts of the plants. They make carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis.

Chloroplast: have coloured pigments others than green. This colour is found in fruits, petals, flowers etc.

                                 

Leucoplast: the leucoplasts are founds in the cells of the underground parts of the plants. They stores foods in the form of starch.

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 

Prokaryotic cells:

Prokaryotic cells have nucleoplasm is absent. Nuclear membrane is absent, thus prokaryotic cells do not possess distinct nucleus.

They do not have many of the membrane bound organism e.g. mitochondria, Golgi apparatus etc.

Ribosomes are of the smell size and freely scattered in cytoplasm.

Nucleoplasm is absent.

Single chromosome is found.

Eukaryotic cells: 

A double nuclear membrane is present. They have well defined nucleus. They have membrane bounded structures (organelles). Ribosomes are of big size and present either on endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytoplasm. Nucleoplasm is present. Proper chromosomes in diploid number are present.

                   

What are mitochondria?

This inner membrane is folded. These in folding are called cristae. Where the fluid in it, is called matrix and this is called the called the house power of cell.

What is morphology?

This branch relates with the study of external organism characteristics of plants and animals.                                                                 

Types of Useful Bacteria

Important Bacteria:

Most of the bacteria are harmful but some bacteria are useful. So here we review functions of these useful bacteria and see how they help in healing process:

Industrial Bacteria:

These bacteria help in ripening and curing of curdling of milk, fermentation of sugar into alcohol, conversion of hides into leather, tobacco leaves, ripening of cheese, retting (softening) of fibers etc. These bacteria play an important role in industries economic production including Health Food industry, Wine Industry, Dairy & Meat Industries and many more.

Alimentary canal bacteria:

They help herbivores in the digestion of cellulose by producing an enzyme cellulose. Few are present in human beings and produce vitamins.

Agricultural bacteria:

They decompose dead animals and plants and convert them into organic compounds and then into simple form such as phosphates, sulphates etc for utilization to make green plants again. Nitrifying bacteria change proteins into the dead bodies of both animals and plants in the nitrates; therefore these nitrates are utilized and absorbed by green plants. Soil bacteria increase the fertility and take chemical & physical changes in the soil.

Medicinal bacteria:

The important and valuable antibiotics drugs are gained by bacteria, like subtilin and thyrothycin. Clostridium produce a vitamin called riboflavin.              

Relationship of Biology

The subject of biology is strongly belongs to different science subjects including chemistry, mathematics, sociology, physics, statistics, biochemistry, biometry, biophysics etc. Some of these branches are briefly explained here;

Biometry

This deal with the measurement belongs to living things. No data or search is possible without math, therefore biometry helps in researching the measurement of the size, counting, length & width of both the animals and plants. So it strengthens the accuracy in the field of qualitative analysis in biology. 

Biophysics

The study of techniques and laws is called physics. Radio-physics is the sub-branch of biophysics. Radioactive isotopes are used for the treatment of cancer. Metabolism of living things to find the age of fossils strongly related to biology.

Biosociology

It deals with the study especially with the social behavior. It also include biology belongs to social science and humanities. Hence in this branch of science we study the life therefore we learn about ourselves as well as we observe the behavior of all living things and social groups.

Behavioral biology

The Behavioral Biology deals with the study of behavior, many facts of biology are reflect in this branch of science so the intersection of genetics, physiology, ecology, biochemistry, evolutionary theory.

Biochemistry

It deals with the complete branch of chemistry requires strong knowledge of chemistry & biology to define the making of bio-molecules. The requirement and effect caused by deficiency and efficiency of different molecules & their metabolism on organisms.          

Tracheophytes & Mushroom

Define characters & groups of Tracheophytes?

Which plants have conducting or vascular tissues are called Tracheophytes. This word is composed of further two words: (Trachea= Vessel, Phyton= Plant). These conducting tissues are Xylem & Phloem. They are help in transportation in plant and supporting to the body of the plants. Tracheophytes have well defined and true roots. They are ranging from miniature to giant size. They show alternation of generation, their saprophyte generation is dominant and totally independent. Tracheophytes are divided into main groups, they are:

Prteridophytes
Spermatophytes
Prteridophytes are divided in further four groups, these are:
Psilopsida (Psilopsida)
Lycopsida (Club-Mosses)
Sphenopsida (Horse tails)
Pteropsida (Ferns)
Spermatophytes are mostly divided in two main groups:
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Gymnosperms are further divided in two main groups:
Cicadae
Coniferae
Angiosperms are divided in two main groups:
Dicotyledons
Monocotyledons

Name different methods of gaseous exchange in frog?
Cutaneous Respiration
Buccal Respiration
Pulmonary Respiration
Describe the parts of eye?
Inner liquid
Upper eye lid
Iris
Cornea
Lens
Outer liquid
Lower eye lid
Retina
Choroid
Sclerotic
Optic nerve
Vertical section of frog’s eye.

What is Mushroom?

Mushroom is a fungus and also cultivated as delicious food. Its parts are:

Cap
Mycelium
Gills bearing spores

Umbrella
Stalk
Hyphen

Which are egg laying mammals?

These are also mammals. Like reptiles, they lay eggs. They have also mammary glands. They feed milk to their babies. For example, Duck Billed and Spiny Ant Eater are only living examples of this group. They link between reptiles and mammals.

Tapeworm, HIV animal diseases

What do you mean by biology?Biology means study of life. Biology is composed of two Greek words. Bio means life and logs means study. It means that study of living organisms. It has main three branches. These are:

• Zoology 
• Botany 
• Microbiology

What is muscular tissue?

• It is made up of muscle fibers.
• Muscle fibers are elongated cells.
• They are contract and relax.
• They help in the movement of body parts.

Name main two kingdoms of living organisms?

• Plants Kingdom 
• Animals Kingdom 

Write five diseases of animals?

• Human Immune Virus (HIV).
• Mumps.
• Measles.
• Colds.
• Rabies.

Write short note on Tapeworm?

• It is found in the intestine of their hosts.
• It is ribbon-like and divided in the series of segments.
• Its body is also long.
• Its anterior end of the body looks like head.
• It has four suckers.
• It has minutes of hooks.
• The hooks help in attach to their hosts.
• Tapeworms have not digestive system, mouth & anus.
• It absorbs the food of its host.

Taxonomy, abiogenesis and biogenesis Definitions

What is taxonomy?Means of taxonomy is, taxis means arrangement or grouping, description and nomos means laws deals to naming. It relates with recognition and scientific naming of living organisms for example: in scientific name frog is rana Tigrina etc.

What is the difference between abiogenesis and biogenesis?Abiogenesis:
One scientist, who name was Aristotle, he said that living things are produced from non -living things. People had also believed that living things are produced from non –living things.

Biogenesis:
Therefore, an Italian scientist, whose name was radi, he think, how living organisms are made by non-living things. Then he analyzed the idea of Aristotle, hence he experiment, he told that living things are produce by living organisms. Any living organism is not made by non-living things.

What are zoology, microbiology and botany?Biology has three main branches:

Zoology:
(Zoo means animals, logos mean study) zoology means the study of animals.
Botany:Botany means study of plants.
Microbiology:(Micro mean very small) microbiology means study of very small organisms.

What is vacuole?They are the substances(not same the cytoplasm), fulfill sacs rounded by a membrane called tonoplast. In animal cell, they are not permanent, small and temporary structure but in plant cell, they are very large one or more than one. They are related with storage of cell sap.

What is parenchyma?Parenchyma is a tissue which consists of living cells and more or less equally expanded on all the sides. Parenchyma cells have intercellular spaces. It is food storing tissues. These cells are present in all the soft part of the plants.
For example:
Fruit, flower and leaves etc.

Define Ecology and Cell Wall

What is ecology?

Ecology is a branch of biology and consider as multi-disciplinary holistic science. It relates with the scientific study of relationship of living organisms with each other and with their environment. It is also called environmental biology. The ecology is basically study of distribution and abundance of organsims and internal interaction.

What is cell wall?

Cell wall provides a fixed form to a cell. It is non-living, outermost boundary of plant cells, bacterial cell and fungal cells. It is not in animal cell. It is made up of cellulose and pectin. The wall possesses rigidity and serves as saver to plasma membrane and inner side from mechanical injuries and pathogens.

What is nucleus?

A combination of chromosomes in its structures. The nucleus performs controlling function of the cell for all the activities. Nucleus may be spherical and irregular shape. Nucleus is filled with a gel like fluid called nucleoplasm. 

What are centrosomes?

A rounded structure, the centrosomes is near the nucleus in animal cell. Each centrosome has 2 centrioles. These perform function of division of cell.

What is the mean by unicellular organism?

Unicellure organism is made up of one cell structure, this organism is called unicellular organism. For example: (amoeba which is found ponds and ditches). These can be found everywhere.