What is Digestive system

This is also the organ of our body. This is the main part of our body. This system is complex food breakdown into simple form and soft form is made. This system is composed of many organs and glands. These are Alimentary canal, Buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestine.

Alimentary canal:

When we are eating anything 1st is mouth and 2^nd is alimentary canal. In alimentary canal larynx and pharynx.

Buccal cavity:

Food inters into the Buccal cavity. It has tongue and jaws. It has slipping type floor and it is pushed to food.

Pharynx:

Buccal cavity is open into a narrow tube which is called esophagus behind this; floor of pharynx is open into lungs.

Esophagus:

Pharynx is open into a wide tube called esophagus. Esophagus is attached with stomach.

Stomach:

Stomach is a thick walled muscular and glandular sac. Food in stomach changes into paste like substance called chyme.

Intestine:

Intestine is very long tube and coiled tube. It is divided into 2 intestines large and small. In first food inters into small intestine then large intestine.

Introduction and Impacts of Biology

Importance of biology:

Biology, it is very closed in our life. It is much belonged to our foods, diseases, medicines, environments and our health. It is the branch of science and also relates with the small form of life. About biology, when we are read, then we are find full of living things. Study of living organisms and living things is called biology. Study of plants, humans and animals. Biology is relates with which organisms in are respire, respond, reproduction and get energy from food. Impact of biology is very affected in human life.  Because, it is the branch of science, therefore, it is challenging of science. In biology, we are very things are learn. Biology is very interesting.

Learning things:

Means of biology and different branches of biology. Dealing of with different sciences. Biological manners of study. Contribution of previous scientists and biologists.  Islamic views and different other views about origin of life on our earth. Previous kinds of living things existing on this earth. Recognition of living things on the basics of similarities, dissimilarities and relationships. Structure and function of an organisms. Inheritance of roles from previous generation to the next generation. Dealing of organisms with their environments.

Biology has many branches. Zoology, botany and microbiology are the main branches of biology. Of biology, math, chemistry, physics, sociology, technology and behavioral biology is very concerned with.

History of biology:                                                                                                   

Many are Muslims and many are non Muslims scientists and biologists are working in the history of biology in previous time.

Impact of biology in our food:                            

Although we are fresh things in our eating. Anything is dirty than we are eating when we are ill. We take medicine here is called impact of biology.

Impact of biology in our health:

Anything when we are eating then this thing is get energy. When we are eating things in which vitamins are present then our health is good manufacture.

Impact of biology in our environment:

Our environment has rise much smoke and many diseases which involved to us diseases. 

Definition of Anatomy

What is anatomy?

(Ana means up, tome means to cut): it relates with the study of internal structure or organs of an organism. In organism, their structure or organs. Any structure is rounded shape, square shape triangle shape and organs. Organisms have many types of organs.

Some of the following names of organs:

Muscles

Sense organs

Brain

Heart

Lungs

In plants, it relates with the classification of different types of the plant tissues.

Some of the following names of the tissues. Stems, leaves and roots.

What is the function of the cell?

Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. Cell has many shapes and size according to their function. In spite of variation found in their shape, all cell basically divided many structure in common like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus etc.

In plant cell, cell membrane is rounded by a cell wall. Cells have performed different functions. All basic functional activities and characters of living things occur in the cell.

Which are cytoplasmic organelles found in the eukaryotic cells?

Some important cytoplasmic organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic means which have proper nucleus. Cytoplasmic organelles are below:

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi complex

Mitochondria

Plastids

Centrioles

Ribosomes

Vacuoles

What are meristematic tissues?

It is the branch of plant tissues. Meristematic tissues are contains cells. It has enabled to divide. Therefore, when the number of the cell increases and then organism can grow. These cells are called meristematic tissues. These tissues are present in shoo0t apex and root tip. These tissues are help in the length of the root. These tissues have smaller in size.

What are compound tissues?

These tissues have mainly divided into two parts: xylem and phloem.

Xylem:

Xylem conducts water and salts from the soil to the leaves and also provides support.

Phloem:

Phloem conducts food from the leaves to the various parts of the plants.

Xylem and phloem are also called vascular bundle.

Ribosome and Plastids

What are Ribosomes?

They are granular, rich in (RNA) ribonucleic acid, they serve as slits where proteins are synthesized, therefore it is called proteins factories of the cell. They found free in cytoplasm as well as attached on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What are plastids?

Plastids are found in the cells of all higher plants. These are organelles which are contains different kinds of pigments. Plastids have 3 kinds of colours on the basis of pigments:

Chloroplast: have green pigments i.e. chlorophyll found under the leaves and other green parts of the plants. They make carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis.

Chloroplast: have coloured pigments others than green. This colour is found in fruits, petals, flowers etc.

                                 

Leucoplast: the leucoplasts are founds in the cells of the underground parts of the plants. They stores foods in the form of starch.

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 

Prokaryotic cells:

Prokaryotic cells have nucleoplasm is absent. Nuclear membrane is absent, thus prokaryotic cells do not possess distinct nucleus.

They do not have many of the membrane bound organism e.g. mitochondria, Golgi apparatus etc.

Ribosomes are of the smell size and freely scattered in cytoplasm.

Nucleoplasm is absent.

Single chromosome is found.

Eukaryotic cells: 

A double nuclear membrane is present. They have well defined nucleus. They have membrane bounded structures (organelles). Ribosomes are of big size and present either on endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytoplasm. Nucleoplasm is present. Proper chromosomes in diploid number are present.

                   

What are mitochondria?

This inner membrane is folded. These in folding are called cristae. Where the fluid in it, is called matrix and this is called the called the house power of cell.

What is morphology?

This branch relates with the study of external organism characteristics of plants and animals.                                                                 

Types of Useful Bacteria

Important Bacteria:

Most of the bacteria are harmful but some bacteria are useful. So here we review functions of these useful bacteria and see how they help in healing process:

Industrial Bacteria:

These bacteria help in ripening and curing of curdling of milk, fermentation of sugar into alcohol, conversion of hides into leather, tobacco leaves, ripening of cheese, retting (softening) of fibers etc. These bacteria play an important role in industries economic production including Health Food industry, Wine Industry, Dairy & Meat Industries and many more.

Alimentary canal bacteria:

They help herbivores in the digestion of cellulose by producing an enzyme cellulose. Few are present in human beings and produce vitamins.

Agricultural bacteria:

They decompose dead animals and plants and convert them into organic compounds and then into simple form such as phosphates, sulphates etc for utilization to make green plants again. Nitrifying bacteria change proteins into the dead bodies of both animals and plants in the nitrates; therefore these nitrates are utilized and absorbed by green plants. Soil bacteria increase the fertility and take chemical & physical changes in the soil.

Medicinal bacteria:

The important and valuable antibiotics drugs are gained by bacteria, like subtilin and thyrothycin. Clostridium produce a vitamin called riboflavin.              

Relationship of Biology

The subject of biology is strongly belongs to different science subjects including chemistry, mathematics, sociology, physics, statistics, biochemistry, biometry, biophysics etc. Some of these branches are briefly explained here;

Biometry

This deal with the measurement belongs to living things. No data or search is possible without math, therefore biometry helps in researching the measurement of the size, counting, length & width of both the animals and plants. So it strengthens the accuracy in the field of qualitative analysis in biology. 

Biophysics

The study of techniques and laws is called physics. Radio-physics is the sub-branch of biophysics. Radioactive isotopes are used for the treatment of cancer. Metabolism of living things to find the age of fossils strongly related to biology.

Biosociology

It deals with the study especially with the social behavior. It also include biology belongs to social science and humanities. Hence in this branch of science we study the life therefore we learn about ourselves as well as we observe the behavior of all living things and social groups.

Behavioral biology

The Behavioral Biology deals with the study of behavior, many facts of biology are reflect in this branch of science so the intersection of genetics, physiology, ecology, biochemistry, evolutionary theory.

Biochemistry

It deals with the complete branch of chemistry requires strong knowledge of chemistry & biology to define the making of bio-molecules. The requirement and effect caused by deficiency and efficiency of different molecules & their metabolism on organisms.          

Tracheophytes & Mushroom

Define characters & groups of Tracheophytes?

Which plants have conducting or vascular tissues are called Tracheophytes. This word is composed of further two words: (Trachea= Vessel, Phyton= Plant). These conducting tissues are Xylem & Phloem. They are help in transportation in plant and supporting to the body of the plants. Tracheophytes have well defined and true roots. They are ranging from miniature to giant size. They show alternation of generation, their saprophyte generation is dominant and totally independent. Tracheophytes are divided into main groups, they are:

Prteridophytes
Spermatophytes
Prteridophytes are divided in further four groups, these are:
Psilopsida (Psilopsida)
Lycopsida (Club-Mosses)
Sphenopsida (Horse tails)
Pteropsida (Ferns)
Spermatophytes are mostly divided in two main groups:
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Gymnosperms are further divided in two main groups:
Cicadae
Coniferae
Angiosperms are divided in two main groups:
Dicotyledons
Monocotyledons

Name different methods of gaseous exchange in frog?
Cutaneous Respiration
Buccal Respiration
Pulmonary Respiration
Describe the parts of eye?
Inner liquid
Upper eye lid
Iris
Cornea
Lens
Outer liquid
Lower eye lid
Retina
Choroid
Sclerotic
Optic nerve
Vertical section of frog’s eye.

What is Mushroom?

Mushroom is a fungus and also cultivated as delicious food. Its parts are:

Cap
Mycelium
Gills bearing spores

Umbrella
Stalk
Hyphen

Which are egg laying mammals?

These are also mammals. Like reptiles, they lay eggs. They have also mammary glands. They feed milk to their babies. For example, Duck Billed and Spiny Ant Eater are only living examples of this group. They link between reptiles and mammals.

Tapeworm, HIV animal diseases

What do you mean by biology?Biology means study of life. Biology is composed of two Greek words. Bio means life and logs means study. It means that study of living organisms. It has main three branches. These are:

• Zoology 
• Botany 
• Microbiology

What is muscular tissue?

• It is made up of muscle fibers.
• Muscle fibers are elongated cells.
• They are contract and relax.
• They help in the movement of body parts.

Name main two kingdoms of living organisms?

• Plants Kingdom 
• Animals Kingdom 

Write five diseases of animals?

• Human Immune Virus (HIV).
• Mumps.
• Measles.
• Colds.
• Rabies.

Write short note on Tapeworm?

• It is found in the intestine of their hosts.
• It is ribbon-like and divided in the series of segments.
• Its body is also long.
• Its anterior end of the body looks like head.
• It has four suckers.
• It has minutes of hooks.
• The hooks help in attach to their hosts.
• Tapeworms have not digestive system, mouth & anus.
• It absorbs the food of its host.

Taxonomy, abiogenesis and biogenesis Definitions

What is taxonomy?Means of taxonomy is, taxis means arrangement or grouping, description and nomos means laws deals to naming. It relates with recognition and scientific naming of living organisms for example: in scientific name frog is rana Tigrina etc.

What is the difference between abiogenesis and biogenesis?Abiogenesis:
One scientist, who name was Aristotle, he said that living things are produced from non -living things. People had also believed that living things are produced from non –living things.

Biogenesis:
Therefore, an Italian scientist, whose name was radi, he think, how living organisms are made by non-living things. Then he analyzed the idea of Aristotle, hence he experiment, he told that living things are produce by living organisms. Any living organism is not made by non-living things.

What are zoology, microbiology and botany?Biology has three main branches:

Zoology:
(Zoo means animals, logos mean study) zoology means the study of animals.
Botany:Botany means study of plants.
Microbiology:(Micro mean very small) microbiology means study of very small organisms.

What is vacuole?They are the substances(not same the cytoplasm), fulfill sacs rounded by a membrane called tonoplast. In animal cell, they are not permanent, small and temporary structure but in plant cell, they are very large one or more than one. They are related with storage of cell sap.

What is parenchyma?Parenchyma is a tissue which consists of living cells and more or less equally expanded on all the sides. Parenchyma cells have intercellular spaces. It is food storing tissues. These cells are present in all the soft part of the plants.
For example:
Fruit, flower and leaves etc.

Define Ecology and Cell Wall

What is ecology?

Ecology is a branch of biology and consider as multi-disciplinary holistic science. It relates with the scientific study of relationship of living organisms with each other and with their environment. It is also called environmental biology. The ecology is basically study of distribution and abundance of organsims and internal interaction.

What is cell wall?

Cell wall provides a fixed form to a cell. It is non-living, outermost boundary of plant cells, bacterial cell and fungal cells. It is not in animal cell. It is made up of cellulose and pectin. The wall possesses rigidity and serves as saver to plasma membrane and inner side from mechanical injuries and pathogens.

What is nucleus?

A combination of chromosomes in its structures. The nucleus performs controlling function of the cell for all the activities. Nucleus may be spherical and irregular shape. Nucleus is filled with a gel like fluid called nucleoplasm. 

What are centrosomes?

A rounded structure, the centrosomes is near the nucleus in animal cell. Each centrosome has 2 centrioles. These perform function of division of cell.

What is the mean by unicellular organism?

Unicellure organism is made up of one cell structure, this organism is called unicellular organism. For example: (amoeba which is found ponds and ditches). These can be found everywhere.

Hydra and cold blooded animals

Important features of hydra:

Hydra:

• It is coelenterate means its body has two layers.
• It is a fresh water coelenterate only seen by microscope.
• It has a cylindrical body with many thread-like tentacles at its one end which help in capturing the prey.
• Its outer layer bears a number of poison cells which are used in paralyzing the prey.
• It has a mouth in between tentacles which opens in a hollow space called coelenteron which helps in digestion of food.
• The end of its body is opposite to its mouth therefore it attached to some object in water.

Define the term cold blooded?

These are animals which keep their body temperature do not normal. They change their body temperature with their environment. For instance reptiles & cold areas animals get the period of hibernation and come out in summer season.

Describe scientific methods?

• Observation
• Hypothesis
• Deduction
• Experiment
• Result
• Theory
• Law

What is cutaneous respiration?

Gaseous exchange takes place by skin is called cutaneous respiration. It is often found in frog and other small animals it is called cutaneous respiration.

How many parts of the heart?

A heart is a pumping organ and it has three chambers.

These are:

• Right auricle or atrium
• Left auricle or atrium
• Ventricle

Write down the salient features of mammals?

Mammals are named so mammals because they have mammary glands in their skin. They are also vertebrates. Mammary glands are functional and secrete milk in females. These are used to feeding to the babies of mammals. Human beings are also belonging to class of mammals. Their skin is covered with hairs and also consists of sweat glands, scent glands and sebaceous glands. They have both upper and lower jaws in their mouth. They are warm blooded animals. Most of the mammals give birth to their live young ones. Mammals are also divided into three groups:

• Egg laying mammals
• Pouched mammals
• Placental mammals

Chromoplast, Leucoplast, Eukaryotic cells

What are ribosomes?

They are granular and rich in (RNA) ribonucleic acid, they work as slits where proteins are synthesized, thus referred as proteins factories of the cell. They found free in cytoplasm as well as attached on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What are plastids?

Plastids are found in the cells of all higher plants. These are organelles which are contains different kinds of pigments. Plastids have 3 kinds of colours on the basis of pigments:

Chloroplast: have green pigments i.e. chlorophyll found under the leaves and other green parts of the plants. They make carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis.

Chromoplast: have coloured pigments others than green. This colour is found in fruits, petals, flowers etc.

Leucoplast: the leucoplasts are founds in the cells of the underground parts of the plants. They stores foods in the form of starch.

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 

Prokaryotic cells:

Prokaryotic cells have nucleoplasm is absent. Nuclear membrane is absent, thus prokaryotic cells do not possess distinct nucleus.

They do not have many of the membrane bound organism e.g. mitochondria e.r, Golgi apparatus etc.

Ribosomes are of the smell size and freely scattered in cytoplasm.

• Nucleoplasm is absent.
• Single chromosome is found.

Eukaryotic cells: 

In the study of these types of cells we see existence of dual nuclear membranes. these cells are well defined nucleus. Their structures are like bounded structures (organelles). Ribosomes are of big size and exist either on endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytoplasm. Nucleoplasm is present. Proper chromosomes in diploid number are present.

What are mitochondria?

This inner membrane is folded. These in folding are called cristae. Where the fluid in it, is called matrix and this is called the called the house power of cell.

What is morphology?

This branch relates with the study of external organism characteristics of plants and animals.

Basic about Biochemistry, Cell, bacteria

What is biochemistry?

Biochemistry means study of chemistry and chemical aspects of living things.

Define main features of cell?

All living organisms are made of up of single or multi cells.

Cell is a smallest, basic and functional unit of life.

Cell division occurs in any type of life.

Explain the taxonomy?

Taxonomy is a branch of science that deals with the classification of living things.

Name four bacteria according to their shapes?

Cocci:

They occur in cluster and non-flagellated.

Bacilli:

They may be rod shape and flagellated also occur in chain.

Spirillum:

They can be in coil and cork screw shaped.

Vibrio or comma:

They are curved and comma type.

Describe mycelium?

Fungal body is called mycelium. Like the body of mushroom and penicillin is called mycelium.  

Define histology, Organism, Cytoplasm & Endoplasmic Reticulum

What is histology? Give basic definition

Histology relates study of tissues in animals and plants see by microscope.

How a complete organism is made?

Basically it is called a complete living system in Biology, In first, cells then tissues then organs then systems and then a complete organism is made.

Why cell is made up in first?

The cell is made up in first because the cell is the basic unit of life in case of all living things. This is very important part of study. Every organ and part of a living body is start to develop through cells.

What is cytoplasm?

In cell, Cytoplasm is found in nucleus and cell membrane.it is translucent fluid portion.it consists of an aqueous ground substance called cytosol and granular part called cytoplasmic organelles.

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

Endoplasmic reticulum means (inside protoplasm network).
It is the network of tubules extending and membranous channels throughout the cytoplasm.
Two types of endoplasmic reticulum:
1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes are present.
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes are absent.

Digestive System, Chordates, Parasites, Physiology

Basic Definition about Digestive System, Chordates, Parasites, Physiology and Kingdom of living organisms

Explain the digestive system?

The organs perform the function of breakdown of complex food into simple substances are called digestive system. These organs are:

Alimentary canal

Five parts of alimentary canal:

• Mouth
• Buccal cavity (upper & lower jaws) and Tongue
• Pharynx
• Oesophaygus
• Stomach

Intestine (small & large).

These parts are exclusive for completing digestion Process and convertion and absorbtion the nutrients.

Digestive glands

The following three parts of digestive glands are:

• Liver
• Pancreas
• Anus

Define main basic characters of chordates?

Chordates have some basic characters. These are:

• Notochord
• Nerve cord
• Pharyngeal gill slits
• They are found in all chordates during their embryonic period. After in adult life they modified or lost.

Give explanation of parasites?

We can’t differentiate the parasites into animals or plants. They take their food from other organisms. They may be different shapes and color like amoeba, paramecium, euglena, and chlamydomonas etc.

Explain physiology?

Physiology means ‘study of different parts of living things. Like study of heart, brain, liver, stomach and so on.

Name the five kingdoms of living organisms.

Kingdom prokaryotes (like viruses & bacteria)
Kingdom protoctista. These are (yeast, euglena & chlamydomonas).
Kingdom fungi for example mushroom,penicillin
Kingdom plantae its example is brassica
Kingdom Animalia (we study vertebrates and invertebrates in this kind of kingdom).

General Knowledge Questions & Answers Pakistan

Most Commonly asked General Knowledge Questions about Pakistan

Following are the basic and commonly asked questions about general knowledge of Pakistan in competitive exams:

General Knowledge Questions about Pakistan for Interviews CSS Competitive Exams

These questions are limited but a good idea for a person who preparing him or her for a job interview or any competitive exams;

Question	Who gave “Quaid-e-Azam” title to Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
Answer	Maoulana Mazhar-ud-din Shaheed in 1938 had given tittle of “Quaid e Azam” to Mr. Jinnah.
Question	Who was the first Shaheed of Pakistan
Answer	Maoulana Mazhar-ud-din is known as the first Shaheed for the Land of Pakistan.
Question	Which province is famous for the most beautiful stone Marble Resources?
Answer	Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) is the province famous for stone marble; previously name of the province was NWFP.
Question	What is the name of second largest city of Pakistan?
Answer	Lahore is the second largest city of Pakistan. Lahore is also capital of Punjab.
Question	When first coin of Pakistan was issued?
Answer	The first coin of Pakistan was issued on 03-01-1948.
Question	On which days Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born and died?
Answer	Quaid-e-Azam M.A Jinnah was born on Thursday and died on Saturday.
Question	Who took the oath of First Governor General of Pakistan from Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
Answer	Mr. Justice Main Abdur Rasheed was the person who taken Oath from Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah for the first Governor General of Pakistan.
Question	Who suggested Standard time for Pakistan?
Answer	Professor Muhammad Anwar suggested standard time for Pakistan
Question	Who is the only one personality had two positions of Prime Minister & Governor General of Paksitan simultaneously?
Answer	Only once in the history of Pakistan Mr. Khawaja Nazim Ud Din remained on the prime positions of Prime Minister of Pakistan and Governor General of Pakistan at the same time.
Question	Who made first flag for Pakistan?
Answer	Pakistan's National Flag was prepared by Ameer-ud-din Qadwai.
Question	What is the name of National Flower of Pakistan?
Answer	Jasmine is the national flower of Pakistan
Question	Do you know the mother tongue of Quaid e Azam?
Answer	Gujrati was the mother tongue of Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Question	What is the name of National Bird of Pakistan
Answer	National bird of Pakistan is Chakor.
Question	What is the name of national animal of Pakistan?
Answer	Markhor is the national animal of Paksitan
Question	When the first stamp of Pakistan was issued?
Answer	It was 09th July 1948
Question	Who designed the first stamp of Pakistan?
Answer	Mr. Abdur Rehman Chugtai designed first stamp ticket for Pakistan.

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