Basic Biology MCQs Answers

In this post you see Biology related MCQs usually asked in exams and interviews. MCQs on introductory is very important to understand the proper meaning of biology to attempt any aptitude MCAT test.

Solved MCQs of Biology

Q#1: Biology is the one of those sciences like:

Natural

Life

Agriculture

None

Answer is (a) Natural: Biology is a natural Science.

Q#2: Botany is the study of:

Animals

Fungi

Protests

Plants

Answer is (d) Botany is the study of plants.

Q#3: Naming of Biological Classes is called:

Cloning

Division

Kingdom

Taxonomy

Answer is (d) Naming of Biological Classes is called Taxonomy.

Q#4: Living organisms are divided into _______ Kingdoms:

3

6

7

5

Answer is (d) there are 5 main Kingdoms of living organism.

Q#5: Molecular Biology deals with:

Particles

Proton

Neutron

Molecule

Answer is (d) Molecular biology is the study of Molecules.

Q#6: How many levels of Biological Organizations:

14

45

12

4

Answer is (a) Biological levels are fourteen.

Q#7: Thanks to ___________ for support our immune system:

Breathing

Cough

Sneezing

Immunization

Answer is (d) because vaccination supports our Immune system.

Q#8: What is Chemotherapy?

A chemical

Drugs

Treatment

All

Answer is (d) Because Chemotherapy is a chemical use as drug for treatment.

Q#9: Control of diseases can by:

Vaccination

Fusion

Declaring

Elegantly

Answer is (a) Vaccination, because it prevents all diseases.

Q#10: Copying of cells is called:

Budding

Cloning

Division

None of these

Answer is (b) Cloning is copying of cells.

Q#11: The biggest problem of man for many years is:

Noise

Pollution

Population

None

Answer is (c) The biggest problem of man is pollution.

Q#12: What is hydroponics?

Growing of terrestrial plants

Study of water

Dehydration

Sandy areas

Answer is (a) because Hydroponics is growing of terrestrial plants.

Q#13: An atom is the _________ unit of matter.

Biggest

Smallest

Highest

None

Answer is (b)An atom is the smallest unit of matter.

Q#14: A thin membrane covered the __________:

Golgi bodies

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Matrix

Answer is (c) A thin membrane covers the Cytoplasm.

Q#15: Bacteria and Cyanobacteria belong to kingdom:

Protista

Monera

Animalia

Plantea

Answer is (b) Bacteria and Cyanobacteria belong to kingdom Monera.

Q#16: Zoology is the study of:

Insects

Plants

Animals

None

Answer is (c) Zoology is the study of animals.

Q#17: Kingdom Plantea include all eukaryotic &:

Multicellular

Chlorophyll us

Non-motile

None

Answer is (a): Kingdom Plantea include all eukaryotic &Multicellular.

Q#18: Sociology is the study of:

Social behavior

Environment

Social Biology

None

Answer is (a): Sociology is the study of Social behavior. We study norms, attitudes and people behavior in sociology.

Q#19: Genes are functional unit of:

RNA

DNA

Vacuole

All of these

Answer is (b)because DNA controls all the systems of a cell.

Q#20: Penicillin was discovered by:

Fleming

Jenner

Robert Brown

Laveran

Answer is (a) Fleming was a Scientist who was discovered Penicillin.

The above given questions are sometimes discussed in everyday science mcqs of biology subject.

Bel Air md Harford County - General Knowledge

Bel Air's Introduction

Harford County, Maryland USA administrator center is Bel Air md. The population of this town was 10120 estimated in census 2010. Now a days Bel Air is the main hub for governmental, educational, medical, and commercial institutions on the map of the United States of America. This is a very beautiful town and people always love to see it. The town has a long history, let discuss its history and some important features.

Bel Air's Name

The name of town decided by court Bel Air in near 1798 however previously in history the town name was "Scott's Old Fields". The Bel Air declared as Harford's county seat. In the end of Civil war several businesses started rapidly like canning industry, Ma & Pa Railroad and by the time population was growing slowly only 200 peoples in as of 1865.

Bel Air's total area

Bel Air's total area comprises 3.03 sq. miles and its further geographical distribution is 3.02 square miles consist on land whereas water covers 0.01 square miles. The weather of Bel Air is frequent humid summers and with average springs with little wet and cool in winters. The snowfall averages in the town is 19–24 inches and average precipitation is from 40 to 43 inches.

Sphere standards for Coronavirus Response

What is coronavirus is the key question everyone asking but here we discuss "Sphere Standards" for a Coronavirus Response which is given on their website link (https://spherestandards.org/coronavirus/). Coronavirus full name is as Disease Coronavirus and as Virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Earlier it known as 2019 novel coronavirus is a communicable diseases, it is a Global Pandemic. Covid-19 was started from China in Last months of 2019. There is no vaccine for Coronavirus as yet almost efforts are in progress throughout the world to invent the vaccine. As the new Coronavirus spreads from one person to in 2.6 persons and infected person could feel shortness of breath, coughing and fever, body ache moderate to severe level and the disease could lead to death. Prevention is best like hand-washing frequently, coughing & sneezing in a tissue or in bend of elbow and to be in isolation quarantine till the symptoms go off. Therefore people awareness is important regarding best practices in communities on the virus response. In this regard, Sphere guidance published in February 2020 in multi languages on their official website. We go through it and some of important points are discussed below for learning & educational purpose: 

Covid-19 Outbreak Best Response

The Sphere in front line to disseminate good practices to respond to the Covid-19 in a collective manner. The published guidelines are basically sharing of lesson learned and emerging practices for  in the Coronavirus response. The sphere initiative is commendable specially the guidelines pertain on basic principals for a successful intervention and specific standards on WASH & Health to respond the Coronavirus Outbreak. 

The detailed Sphere Guidelines covers 03 foundation chapters first is Humanitarian Charter, second is Protection Principals, and third is Core Humanitarian Standards (CHS) supports four technical Chapters for Humanitarian Actors, Individual and communities. 

Three important factors

The most crucial major factors are three to must ensure while designing an intervention to response the Covid-19. Number one is People are human first so not just see them as affected or suspected cases of coronavirus because human dignity is compulsory which is discussed throughout in Sphere handbook, number two arching factor is Community Involvement in Coronavirus Response Project, Don't Forget People needs like FIs/NFIs, awareness & long-term medical requirements for widespread population while working on prevention of Covid-19 spread is the third key factor of a successful and holistic intervention. Lets discuss in brief about these factors in light of sphere standards:

1). Human Dignity

Everyone on the earth has right to live a life with Dignity and fundamental Protection Principals and Core Humanitarian Standards support us to understand about respect people dignity therefore must involve people from target group in shaping an intervention. A big challenge in Coronavirus response is identification of all target people including hesitant, people who do not like to disclose their disease due to fear being stigmatized or discriminated so their screening and treatment is must if they found coronavirus positive. So trust building of everyone will make the response effective which will only be achieved by ensuring human dignity and providing them supportive messages and care without any discrimination. Sphere Humanitarian Charter Protection Principles No.1 to enhance people safety, dignity, rights and save them from further harm & No.2 Principle is related to impartial treat to fulfill their all needs. These standards guide us the three rights of everyone includes: Rights to Dignity, Protection & Assistance. 

2). Engaging Community

Community involvement is key to success to get the effective results in controlling spread of Coronavirus and recognize rumors & myths and can address it on time. Community should follow all Hygiene promotion messages keeping special focus on hand washing which is crucial and compulsory to completely disinfect the hands. Because hands if not disinfected through proper hand wash methods  can cause the spread among population therefore proper community awareness sessions on Hygienic practices and hand washing include maintain social distancing are critical but it only works if communities are fully engaged in process of decision making in a response of Coronavirus. To avoid any hurdles in progress of Coronavirus response understanding local culture, beliefs, perceptions, social norms is very important. WHO & health experts are suggesting not to shake hands or hug for greetings or procedure of doing business activities like handling meat so to convince the community to adopt alternates of greetings & performing routine life activities their behavior change and social mobilization activities are essentials towards understanding prevention & treatment measures for specific for Covid-19 Disease. 

Community engagement in Coronavirus response example is outreach workers working on mother & child health in communities must adopt safety measures for target community & for themselves. In time of outbreak of Coronavirus there is a lot of wrong concepts and misleading information that may hinder the response in rural and mostly in urban areas therefore tackle it through community groups engagement for example religious groups, social activists, women clubs, labour unions, drivers, doctors and teacher groups. In a Coronavirus Response media sources, public places are helpful tool to disseminate accurate information on available health services with contact numbers and locations. Moreover capacity building of secondary & tertiary care health providers in primary healthcare could be more fruitful being mostly working in cities where spread of Coronavirus is very rapid and all healthcare providers can assist in the response in terms of early warning system for Covid-19 which is a communicable disease. 

It is also recommended in Coronavirus Sphere guidelines for community engagement, to have a look on follow chapters Introduction to the WASH & WASH standards, WASH in disease outbreaks and healthcare settings. A section on Urban Setting in What is Sphere? Introduction to WASH & Health Chapters of Sphere Standards are helpful in planning a Covid-19 response. 

3. Human needs and Wider Population medical needs

Sphere Health Standards 2.6 and 2.7 guides humanitarian organizations to consider emotional healing, Psychosocial and palliative care to build confidence in affected people and able them to stable their sense of belonging & self. Keeping other standards of health relevant continuously for example mother & child health, injuries, primary, secondary or tertiary care should be on track to avoid discontinuity which can lead to moralities & morbidity other than to coronavirus cases and can affect the response.  A example is also given of this in the guidelines that in West Africa in 2014 due to deployment and transfer of health staff to the Ebola Response created a problem of discontinuity of other medical services and needs of target population which means medical services for non-communicable diseases left unsupported due to the shifting of staff & facilities. 

On the B Part of Coronavirus Response Sphere Guide Medical Response is discussed with two Chapters i.e. WASH & Health. The WASH Chapter is about Hygiene Promotion, Hygiene items, WASH in healthcare settings on the other hand in Health Chapter the functioning health system, health service delivery, healthcare workforce trained for specific Coronavirus response, IPC, medicines & equipment, essential healthcare services to prevent communicable diseases, prevention standards, survelliance & early response & preparedness, care plan & diagnosis and other necessary factors are spell out in detail to guide a community based response to coronavirus. 

Attribution: 

https://spherestandards.org/coronavirus/

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

University of Cambridge Admission is the Best Choice for Study

In this post, a very basic introduction of Cambridge University will be discussed and obviously a single post an oldest and the greatest university is not sufficient to mention it all features, achievement, colleges, schools. So it's a very very short post about the University of Cambridge but covers very interesting and important points that will help the readers to be familiar about it.

Introduction to University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge is the world top class & highest ranking university among the world's best universities because of its high teaching and learning standards, excellent designed courses, quality education. Cambridge is a collegiate university that has many constituent colleges for undergraduate students. These colleges offer recreational facilities, food and accommodation to Cambridge's students. 

The university is at the rank of 5th university as selected by the Britain's leading graduate employers. The university is superb and top choice of students who really want to explore their potentials during the study at Cambridge. The female students can choose Murray Edwards, Newnham and Lucy Cavendish colleges as only women students got admission here whereas rest the most of colleges of Cambridge university provide admissions to male students and some colleges are for both genders.

Where is Cambridge University?

The University of Cambridge is located at a town of cambridgeshire in the England, United Kingdom. Cambridge University was established in 1209. Students who got their degrees from this university are serving in world most famous and largest institutions and organizations and they are always felt proud that they were the part of this prestigious educational university. These professional are resolving real world challenges in a very effective way. Thinking for solving practical problems and getting involve in social activities is part of student's life at Cambridge that help them in knowledge development to meet the future demands. 

University of Cambridge Undergraduate / Graduate and other courses Admissions 

So if you are ready to getting into Cambridge keep it in mind you will be fit here only if you have the potential, hard worker, dedicate & willing to learn, have qualities like discipline, committed to achieve academic excellence then go ahead for admission in Cambridge as People from great Britain and across the world as well got admissions in Cambridge undergraduate, graduate degree, Doctoral, Masters, Diploma, Certificate/Award, full and part time courses in various groups like Social Sciences, Science, Engineering, arts and humanities with a flexible wide range of specialized subjects.  

Cambridge admissions given to students on the basis of their abilities, potentials, academic criteria and tendency or suitability for a course. Selectors and tutors of Cambridge University decision also matters in your final selections. You can apply for admission for Cambridge University online. The university thoroughly reviews every application individually. Basically the admission's application assessment made on different criteria like performance in any written test, academic record, personal statement, any written work submitted, if interviewed then what was the performance at interview? and contextual data. So, on these basic filters Cambridge have a lot of admission opportunities for the right applicants who meet and qualify the required standards.

Contact details for admissions

As explained the limitation of this post in starting paragraph that all information and details are not mentioned and it is recommended to visit the university official website and for admission purpose you can contact the admission office address:

Cambridge Admissions Office

Fitzwilliam House, 32 Trumpington Street
Cambridge CB2 1QY
01223-333308
admissions@cam.ac.uk

Share your Valued Comments

So you will inspired more when do the more research online by the features and friendly and learning environment of Cambridge University study programs and would like to get admission in the University of Cambridge.

 

The purpose of posting this post is to provide some basic information about the University. If you found any information missing or incorrect information or your personal experience about university then scroll down and mention it in comments box so that all interested people got benefits and knowledge share by you. So your comments and suggestions are most welcome.

What is Digestive system

This is also the organ of our body. This is the main part of our body. This system is complex food breakdown into simple form and soft form is made. This system is composed of many organs and glands. These are Alimentary canal, Buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestine.

Alimentary canal:

When we are eating anything 1st is mouth and 2^nd is alimentary canal. In alimentary canal larynx and pharynx.

Buccal cavity:

Food inters into the Buccal cavity. It has tongue and jaws. It has slipping type floor and it is pushed to food.

Pharynx:

Buccal cavity is open into a narrow tube which is called esophagus behind this; floor of pharynx is open into lungs.

Esophagus:

Pharynx is open into a wide tube called esophagus. Esophagus is attached with stomach.

Stomach:

Stomach is a thick walled muscular and glandular sac. Food in stomach changes into paste like substance called chyme.

Intestine:

Intestine is very long tube and coiled tube. It is divided into 2 intestines large and small. In first food inters into small intestine then large intestine.

Introduction and Impacts of Biology

Importance of biology:

Biology, it is very closed in our life. It is much belonged to our foods, diseases, medicines, environments and our health. It is the branch of science and also relates with the small form of life. About biology, when we are read, then we are find full of living things. Study of living organisms and living things is called biology. Study of plants, humans and animals. Biology is relates with which organisms in are respire, respond, reproduction and get energy from food. Impact of biology is very affected in human life.  Because, it is the branch of science, therefore, it is challenging of science. In biology, we are very things are learn. Biology is very interesting.

Learning things:

Means of biology and different branches of biology. Dealing of with different sciences. Biological manners of study. Contribution of previous scientists and biologists.  Islamic views and different other views about origin of life on our earth. Previous kinds of living things existing on this earth. Recognition of living things on the basics of similarities, dissimilarities and relationships. Structure and function of an organisms. Inheritance of roles from previous generation to the next generation. Dealing of organisms with their environments.

Biology has many branches. Zoology, botany and microbiology are the main branches of biology. Of biology, math, chemistry, physics, sociology, technology and behavioral biology is very concerned with.

History of biology:                                                                                                   

Many are Muslims and many are non Muslims scientists and biologists are working in the history of biology in previous time.

Impact of biology in our food:                            

Although we are fresh things in our eating. Anything is dirty than we are eating when we are ill. We take medicine here is called impact of biology.

Impact of biology in our health:

Anything when we are eating then this thing is get energy. When we are eating things in which vitamins are present then our health is good manufacture.

Impact of biology in our environment:

Our environment has rise much smoke and many diseases which involved to us diseases. 

Definition of Anatomy

What is anatomy?

(Ana means up, tome means to cut): it relates with the study of internal structure or organs of an organism. In organism, their structure or organs. Any structure is rounded shape, square shape triangle shape and organs. Organisms have many types of organs.

Some of the following names of organs:

Muscles

Sense organs

Brain

Heart

Lungs

In plants, it relates with the classification of different types of the plant tissues.

Some of the following names of the tissues. Stems, leaves and roots.

What is the function of the cell?

Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. Cell has many shapes and size according to their function. In spite of variation found in their shape, all cell basically divided many structure in common like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus etc.

In plant cell, cell membrane is rounded by a cell wall. Cells have performed different functions. All basic functional activities and characters of living things occur in the cell.

Which are cytoplasmic organelles found in the eukaryotic cells?

Some important cytoplasmic organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic means which have proper nucleus. Cytoplasmic organelles are below:

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi complex

Mitochondria

Plastids

Centrioles

Ribosomes

Vacuoles

What are meristematic tissues?

It is the branch of plant tissues. Meristematic tissues are contains cells. It has enabled to divide. Therefore, when the number of the cell increases and then organism can grow. These cells are called meristematic tissues. These tissues are present in shoo0t apex and root tip. These tissues are help in the length of the root. These tissues have smaller in size.

What are compound tissues?

These tissues have mainly divided into two parts: xylem and phloem.

Xylem:

Xylem conducts water and salts from the soil to the leaves and also provides support.

Phloem:

Phloem conducts food from the leaves to the various parts of the plants.

Xylem and phloem are also called vascular bundle.

Ribosome and Plastids

What are Ribosomes?

They are granular, rich in (RNA) ribonucleic acid, they serve as slits where proteins are synthesized, therefore it is called proteins factories of the cell. They found free in cytoplasm as well as attached on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What are plastids?

Plastids are found in the cells of all higher plants. These are organelles which are contains different kinds of pigments. Plastids have 3 kinds of colours on the basis of pigments:

Chloroplast: have green pigments i.e. chlorophyll found under the leaves and other green parts of the plants. They make carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis.

Chloroplast: have coloured pigments others than green. This colour is found in fruits, petals, flowers etc.

                                 

Leucoplast: the leucoplasts are founds in the cells of the underground parts of the plants. They stores foods in the form of starch.

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 

Prokaryotic cells:

Prokaryotic cells have nucleoplasm is absent. Nuclear membrane is absent, thus prokaryotic cells do not possess distinct nucleus.

They do not have many of the membrane bound organism e.g. mitochondria, Golgi apparatus etc.

Ribosomes are of the smell size and freely scattered in cytoplasm.

Nucleoplasm is absent.

Single chromosome is found.

Eukaryotic cells: 

A double nuclear membrane is present. They have well defined nucleus. They have membrane bounded structures (organelles). Ribosomes are of big size and present either on endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytoplasm. Nucleoplasm is present. Proper chromosomes in diploid number are present.

                   

What are mitochondria?

This inner membrane is folded. These in folding are called cristae. Where the fluid in it, is called matrix and this is called the called the house power of cell.

What is morphology?

This branch relates with the study of external organism characteristics of plants and animals.                                                                 

Types of Useful Bacteria

Important Bacteria:

Most of the bacteria are harmful but some bacteria are useful. So here we review functions of these useful bacteria and see how they help in healing process:

Industrial Bacteria:

These bacteria help in ripening and curing of curdling of milk, fermentation of sugar into alcohol, conversion of hides into leather, tobacco leaves, ripening of cheese, retting (softening) of fibers etc. These bacteria play an important role in industries economic production including Health Food industry, Wine Industry, Dairy & Meat Industries and many more.

Alimentary canal bacteria:

They help herbivores in the digestion of cellulose by producing an enzyme cellulose. Few are present in human beings and produce vitamins.

Agricultural bacteria:

They decompose dead animals and plants and convert them into organic compounds and then into simple form such as phosphates, sulphates etc for utilization to make green plants again. Nitrifying bacteria change proteins into the dead bodies of both animals and plants in the nitrates; therefore these nitrates are utilized and absorbed by green plants. Soil bacteria increase the fertility and take chemical & physical changes in the soil.

Medicinal bacteria:

The important and valuable antibiotics drugs are gained by bacteria, like subtilin and thyrothycin. Clostridium produce a vitamin called riboflavin.              

Relationship of Biology

The subject of biology is strongly belongs to different science subjects including chemistry, mathematics, sociology, physics, statistics, biochemistry, biometry, biophysics etc. Some of these branches are briefly explained here;

Biometry

This deal with the measurement belongs to living things. No data or search is possible without math, therefore biometry helps in researching the measurement of the size, counting, length & width of both the animals and plants. So it strengthens the accuracy in the field of qualitative analysis in biology. 

Biophysics

The study of techniques and laws is called physics. Radio-physics is the sub-branch of biophysics. Radioactive isotopes are used for the treatment of cancer. Metabolism of living things to find the age of fossils strongly related to biology.

Biosociology

It deals with the study especially with the social behavior. It also include biology belongs to social science and humanities. Hence in this branch of science we study the life therefore we learn about ourselves as well as we observe the behavior of all living things and social groups.

Behavioral biology

The Behavioral Biology deals with the study of behavior, many facts of biology are reflect in this branch of science so the intersection of genetics, physiology, ecology, biochemistry, evolutionary theory.

Biochemistry

It deals with the complete branch of chemistry requires strong knowledge of chemistry & biology to define the making of bio-molecules. The requirement and effect caused by deficiency and efficiency of different molecules & their metabolism on organisms.          

Tracheophytes & Mushroom

Define characters & groups of Tracheophytes?

Which plants have conducting or vascular tissues are called Tracheophytes. This word is composed of further two words: (Trachea= Vessel, Phyton= Plant). These conducting tissues are Xylem & Phloem. They are help in transportation in plant and supporting to the body of the plants. Tracheophytes have well defined and true roots. They are ranging from miniature to giant size. They show alternation of generation, their saprophyte generation is dominant and totally independent. Tracheophytes are divided into main groups, they are:

Prteridophytes
Spermatophytes
Prteridophytes are divided in further four groups, these are:
Psilopsida (Psilopsida)
Lycopsida (Club-Mosses)
Sphenopsida (Horse tails)
Pteropsida (Ferns)
Spermatophytes are mostly divided in two main groups:
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Gymnosperms are further divided in two main groups:
Cicadae
Coniferae
Angiosperms are divided in two main groups:
Dicotyledons
Monocotyledons

Name different methods of gaseous exchange in frog?
Cutaneous Respiration
Buccal Respiration
Pulmonary Respiration
Describe the parts of eye?
Inner liquid
Upper eye lid
Iris
Cornea
Lens
Outer liquid
Lower eye lid
Retina
Choroid
Sclerotic
Optic nerve
Vertical section of frog’s eye.

What is Mushroom?

Mushroom is a fungus and also cultivated as delicious food. Its parts are:

Cap
Mycelium
Gills bearing spores

Umbrella
Stalk
Hyphen

Which are egg laying mammals?

These are also mammals. Like reptiles, they lay eggs. They have also mammary glands. They feed milk to their babies. For example, Duck Billed and Spiny Ant Eater are only living examples of this group. They link between reptiles and mammals.

Tapeworm, HIV animal diseases

What do you mean by biology?Biology means study of life. Biology is composed of two Greek words. Bio means life and logs means study. It means that study of living organisms. It has main three branches. These are:

• Zoology 
• Botany 
• Microbiology

What is muscular tissue?

• It is made up of muscle fibers.
• Muscle fibers are elongated cells.
• They are contract and relax.
• They help in the movement of body parts.

Name main two kingdoms of living organisms?

• Plants Kingdom 
• Animals Kingdom 

Write five diseases of animals?

• Human Immune Virus (HIV).
• Mumps.
• Measles.
• Colds.
• Rabies.

Write short note on Tapeworm?

• It is found in the intestine of their hosts.
• It is ribbon-like and divided in the series of segments.
• Its body is also long.
• Its anterior end of the body looks like head.
• It has four suckers.
• It has minutes of hooks.
• The hooks help in attach to their hosts.
• Tapeworms have not digestive system, mouth & anus.
• It absorbs the food of its host.

Taxonomy, abiogenesis and biogenesis Definitions

What is taxonomy?Means of taxonomy is, taxis means arrangement or grouping, description and nomos means laws deals to naming. It relates with recognition and scientific naming of living organisms for example: in scientific name frog is rana Tigrina etc.

What is the difference between abiogenesis and biogenesis?Abiogenesis:
One scientist, who name was Aristotle, he said that living things are produced from non -living things. People had also believed that living things are produced from non –living things.

Biogenesis:
Therefore, an Italian scientist, whose name was radi, he think, how living organisms are made by non-living things. Then he analyzed the idea of Aristotle, hence he experiment, he told that living things are produce by living organisms. Any living organism is not made by non-living things.

What are zoology, microbiology and botany?Biology has three main branches:

Zoology:
(Zoo means animals, logos mean study) zoology means the study of animals.
Botany:Botany means study of plants.
Microbiology:(Micro mean very small) microbiology means study of very small organisms.

What is vacuole?They are the substances(not same the cytoplasm), fulfill sacs rounded by a membrane called tonoplast. In animal cell, they are not permanent, small and temporary structure but in plant cell, they are very large one or more than one. They are related with storage of cell sap.

What is parenchyma?Parenchyma is a tissue which consists of living cells and more or less equally expanded on all the sides. Parenchyma cells have intercellular spaces. It is food storing tissues. These cells are present in all the soft part of the plants.
For example:
Fruit, flower and leaves etc.

Define Ecology and Cell Wall

What is ecology?

Ecology is a branch of biology and consider as multi-disciplinary holistic science. It relates with the scientific study of relationship of living organisms with each other and with their environment. It is also called environmental biology. The ecology is basically study of distribution and abundance of organsims and internal interaction.

What is cell wall?

Cell wall provides a fixed form to a cell. It is non-living, outermost boundary of plant cells, bacterial cell and fungal cells. It is not in animal cell. It is made up of cellulose and pectin. The wall possesses rigidity and serves as saver to plasma membrane and inner side from mechanical injuries and pathogens.

What is nucleus?

A combination of chromosomes in its structures. The nucleus performs controlling function of the cell for all the activities. Nucleus may be spherical and irregular shape. Nucleus is filled with a gel like fluid called nucleoplasm. 

What are centrosomes?

A rounded structure, the centrosomes is near the nucleus in animal cell. Each centrosome has 2 centrioles. These perform function of division of cell.

What is the mean by unicellular organism?

Unicellure organism is made up of one cell structure, this organism is called unicellular organism. For example: (amoeba which is found ponds and ditches). These can be found everywhere.

Hydra and cold blooded animals

Important features of hydra:

Hydra:

• It is coelenterate means its body has two layers.
• It is a fresh water coelenterate only seen by microscope.
• It has a cylindrical body with many thread-like tentacles at its one end which help in capturing the prey.
• Its outer layer bears a number of poison cells which are used in paralyzing the prey.
• It has a mouth in between tentacles which opens in a hollow space called coelenteron which helps in digestion of food.
• The end of its body is opposite to its mouth therefore it attached to some object in water.

Define the term cold blooded?

These are animals which keep their body temperature do not normal. They change their body temperature with their environment. For instance reptiles & cold areas animals get the period of hibernation and come out in summer season.

Describe scientific methods?

• Observation
• Hypothesis
• Deduction
• Experiment
• Result
• Theory
• Law

What is cutaneous respiration?

Gaseous exchange takes place by skin is called cutaneous respiration. It is often found in frog and other small animals it is called cutaneous respiration.

How many parts of the heart?

A heart is a pumping organ and it has three chambers.

These are:

• Right auricle or atrium
• Left auricle or atrium
• Ventricle

Write down the salient features of mammals?

Mammals are named so mammals because they have mammary glands in their skin. They are also vertebrates. Mammary glands are functional and secrete milk in females. These are used to feeding to the babies of mammals. Human beings are also belonging to class of mammals. Their skin is covered with hairs and also consists of sweat glands, scent glands and sebaceous glands. They have both upper and lower jaws in their mouth. They are warm blooded animals. Most of the mammals give birth to their live young ones. Mammals are also divided into three groups:

• Egg laying mammals
• Pouched mammals
• Placental mammals

Chromoplast, Leucoplast, Eukaryotic cells

What are ribosomes?

They are granular and rich in (RNA) ribonucleic acid, they work as slits where proteins are synthesized, thus referred as proteins factories of the cell. They found free in cytoplasm as well as attached on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What are plastids?

Plastids are found in the cells of all higher plants. These are organelles which are contains different kinds of pigments. Plastids have 3 kinds of colours on the basis of pigments:

Chloroplast: have green pigments i.e. chlorophyll found under the leaves and other green parts of the plants. They make carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis.

Chromoplast: have coloured pigments others than green. This colour is found in fruits, petals, flowers etc.

Leucoplast: the leucoplasts are founds in the cells of the underground parts of the plants. They stores foods in the form of starch.

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 

Prokaryotic cells:

Prokaryotic cells have nucleoplasm is absent. Nuclear membrane is absent, thus prokaryotic cells do not possess distinct nucleus.

They do not have many of the membrane bound organism e.g. mitochondria e.r, Golgi apparatus etc.

Ribosomes are of the smell size and freely scattered in cytoplasm.

• Nucleoplasm is absent.
• Single chromosome is found.

Eukaryotic cells: 

In the study of these types of cells we see existence of dual nuclear membranes. these cells are well defined nucleus. Their structures are like bounded structures (organelles). Ribosomes are of big size and exist either on endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytoplasm. Nucleoplasm is present. Proper chromosomes in diploid number are present.

What are mitochondria?

This inner membrane is folded. These in folding are called cristae. Where the fluid in it, is called matrix and this is called the called the house power of cell.

What is morphology?

This branch relates with the study of external organism characteristics of plants and animals.